Seven-month-old infants cannot talk, nor can they do arithmetic. But
a new study seems to show that babies do have an inherent sense of
numbers, regardless of whether they can add two and two to get four.
Neuroscientists Kerry Jordan and Elizabeth Brannon had previously
shown that rhesus monkeys have a natural ability to match the number
of voices they hear to the number of individuals they expect to see.
When presented with a soundtrack of "coo" sounds, the monkeys chose
to look at a picture containing the same number of fellow monkey
faces. If the monkeys heard two coos, for example, they preferred to
look at a picture of two monkeys rather than three and vice versa.
The researchers expected the same to be true of human babies.
But other studies with infants had delivered ambiguous results.
Babies trained to expect to see two objects when presented with two
tones stared longer at results that violated this convention, such as
two tones and then three objects. And although babies correctly
matched up drumbeats and household objects in one study, efforts to
duplicate the result failed. Jordan and Brannon argue that each of
these studies was flawed, either because training might have skewed
the response, the tasks were too difficult or the objects were
irrelevant to a baby.
The two researchers found in their own study that babies spent more
time looking at videos showing the same number of unfamiliar human
female faces as those represented in a simultaneous soundtrack
of "look" sounds. "As a result of our experiments, we conclude that
the babies are showing an internal representation of 'two-ness'
or 'three-ness' that is separate from the [sounds and sights] and,
thus, reflects an abstract internal process," Brannon says.
The 20 seven-month-old infants in the study spent an average of
nearly 22 seconds looking at the numerically appropriate video
compared to just more than 14 seconds looking at the numerically
wrong video. This represented 59.2 percent of their total time
looking--nearly exactly the same percentage of time that the 20
rhesus monkeys spent looking at the video with the right number of
monkeys. "This spontaneous matching of [numbers] across [sight and
sound] supports the contention that human infants, human adults and
nonhuman primates share at least one common nonverbal numerical
representational system," the researchers conclude. Their report on
these findings appears in this week's Proceedings of the National
Academies of Science.
from: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/enopiria/
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